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Chisholm and Free Will Essay - 1290 Words

Before I begin it is pertinent to note the disparate positions on the problem of human freedom. In Human Freedom and the Self, Roderick M. Chisholm takes the libertarian stance which is contiguous with the doctrine of incompatibility. Libertarians believe in free will and recognize that freedom and determinism are incompatible. The determinist also follow the doctrine of incompatibility, and according to Chisholms formulation, their view is that every event involved in an act is caused by some other event. Since they adhere to this type of causality, they believe that all actions are consequential and that freedom of the will is illusory. Compatiblist deny the conflict between free will and determinism. A.J. Ayer makes a†¦show more content†¦I know Im starting to sound but bear with me. Since the act which he did perform is an act that was in his power not to perform then could not have been caused or determined by any event that was not itself within his power ei ther to bring about or not to bring about. Next, he gives another hypothetical situation in which under hypnosis a man was unable to do anything other than what it is that he did. Chisholm then asks us to use the same situation and replace hypnosis with the mans desires and beliefs with the same consequence that he could not have done otherwise. But, if a man is responsible for his own desires and beliefs then his is also responsible for the things that they lead him to do. So the question becomes, is he responsible for the desires and beliefs he happens to have? Chisholm uses this point to demonstrate a circumlocution in the determinists argument. If a man is responsible for his beliefs and desires then he could have refrained from the acquisition of that belief or desire. But if we assume that determinism is true then some other event must have caused him to acquire the belief. So since this caused him to acquire the belief he could not have done otherwise and is not respo nsible for his belief or desire. Later Chisholm says that if we are prime movers unmoved (a concept I will explain later) and our actions, or those for which we are responsible, are not causally determined, thenShow MoreRelatedHuman Freedom And The Self By Roderick M. Chisholm1151 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"Human Freedom and the Self,† Roderick M. Chisholm takes the libertarian stance, arguing that freedom is incompatible with determinism, that determinism is in fact false, and that humans do posses the kind of freedom required for moral responsibility. Chisholm argues that a deterministic universe, where all events, including human actions, proceed from prior events without the possibility that they would proceed differently than they do prevent the possibility that humans are responsible for theirRead MoreEssay about Roderick Chisholm on freedom of the will709 Words   |  3 Pagesdifferent, then we could have acted in another way which is compatible with freedom o f the will. Libertarians believe that freedom of the will does exist. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Roderick Chisholm defends Libertarianism, and in his essay â€Å"Human Freedom and The Self† argues that we have freedom of the will. Chisholm does not abandon the idea of causes but instead defines two types of causation. The first is transeunt causation where one event or state of affairs causes another event or state of affairsRead MoreShirley Chisholm Paper757 Words   |  4 PagesBiography Shirley Chisholm, the first black woman to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, died on January 1, 2005. She was 80 years old. Chisholm had an influential political career. In 1968, she was elected to Congress from New York City. She served until 1983, when she retired. In 1972, Chisholm became the first black person to seek the Democratic Presidential nomination. She won 152 delegates. Jesse Jackson called her a woman of great courage . . . who refused to accept the ordinaryRead MoreCyber Bullying : The Third Leading Cause Death For American Youths901 Words   |  4 Pagesharassment or teasing and social bullying when someone is purposefully excluded (Novick, 2013). One definition for cyber bullying is, â€Å"the intentional and repeated harm inflicted through the use of computers, cell phones, or other electronic devices†, (Chisholm, 2014, p. 78). Cyber bullying can also be defined as, â€Å"any behavior performed through electronic or digital media by individuals or groups that repeatedly communicates hostile or aggressive messages intended to inflict harm or discomfort on others†Read MoreThe Metaphysical Problem Of Freedom Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesThe metaphysical problem of freedom is it is a paradox. There are three theses regarding freedom, and all three theses are plausible, yet they cannot all be true. The thesis of freedom says some of our actions are free, and sometimes we have an option to choose differently. The thesis of causalism which states that every detail of every event is caused by previous events, in accordance with the laws of nature. Lastly the thesis of incompatibilism which says at most one of the th eses of freedom andRead MoreThe Lion Of Bed Stuy1425 Words   |  6 Pagesor ordinances that seek to regulate morality, behavior, and your fellow man/woman’s rights to be free you are standing against the constitution that you so often swear by as the most precious document ever laid in the hands of a nation. The rights and laws outlined in that document allow for the freedom of Americans to behave in the way they see fit, and not the way the politicians do. Shirley Chisholm was well aware of this, and is what helped push her to be a pioneer in the political arena. ShirleyRead MoreThe Investigation Of Whether Youngsters Characters Are More Individualized Today?1254 Words   |  6 Pagesmake group. Sociologists and historians are mindful of the solid patterns that have changed society since the mechanical unrest, and particularly since World War II, as customary divisions of class and solidarity have broken down (Chisholm, 1990, p. 134). This occurred in the mechanical insurgency on the grounds that it created a mass development towards urbanization, which brought about the breakdown of more seasoned group structures. After World War II enhanced correspondences andRead MoreHuman Freedom And The Self1822 Words   |  8 PagesOne of the big dilemmas in the philosophical community surrounds whether humans have free will in determining their choices or whether forces outside human control determine actions. A solution to the problem has long been sought since it involves one of the core beliefs about human nature. Furthermore, whether or not humans have free will has influence on whether humans can be subject to praise or blame. Within this problem, there are three m ain schools of thought: compatibilism, hard determinismRead MoreHuman Freedom And The Self By Roderick M. Chisholm Essay2503 Words   |  11 PagesIn the paper, â€Å"Human Freedom and the Self† Roderick M. Chisholm offers his theory of human freedom and defends it against a couple objections. One of the objections we will talk about which is the second objection is connected to the concept of immanent causation, where causation is by an agent, he argues how the statement â€Å"the prime mover unmoved† (page 391) has been subject to difficulty. Chisholm explains immanent causation as being an agent causing the event A to happen, but although the agentRead MoreEssay about Free Will and Determinism Views1610 Words   |  7 Pagesprove the reliability of and why Libertarianism is the most coherent of the three Free Will and Determinism views. It refers to the idea of human free will being true, that one is not determined, and therefore, they are morally responsible. In response to the quote on the essay, I am disagreeing with Wolf. This essay will be further strengthened with the help of such authors as C.A. Campell, R. Taylor and R.M. Chisholm. They present similar arguments, which essentially demonstrate that one could have

The First Samurai Free Essays

Japan in the 10th century was experiencing change and disorder as its relatively new central government sought techniques for a strong and enduring legacy. In this period lived a man named Taira no Masakado. In events which are swirled with mystery and legend, Masakado found himself in direct opposition with the government, even proclaiming the title of the â€Å"New Emperor†. We will write a custom essay sample on The First Samurai or any similar topic only for you Order Now His legacy endures to this day and is a fundamental component in contemporary Japanese folklore. Was Masakado a product of his environment or a self-motivated rebel, examining this question is important in the discussions of the motivations behind his actions. Whether he should be viewed as a villain or a hero is to be considered by the reader. Taira no Masakado is both revered as a hero and accused of being a trader. When considering the beginning of Masakado’s conquests it is important to note that not much is known of the exact motives of his first altercation with Minamoto Tasuku. All that is clear is that Minamoto sprang a surprise attack on Masakado as he neared the Hitachi region. Why was Masakado riding towards Hitachi with a group of armed men? Why did Minamoto attack Masakado? Both of these questions are vital in determining the real nature of Masakado and would link to the motives of his actions from this battle to his demise. The lack of answers to these questions seriously hinders one’s attempt at revealing Taira Masakado as a villain or hero. The events of Masakado’s insurrection seem to suggest that his actions were not justified and that he knew this. After being attacked by Minamoto, Masakado went on a rampage attacking many villages in southern Hitachi. Regardless of the dispute between the two, it is improbable that all of the victims of his attack were directly involved or deserving of murder. Preceding these events, Masakado is summoned to Kyoto to argue his case against allegations brought by the Minamoto family. Masakado is quick to travel to Kyoto to explain himself, then, when he arrives back in Shimosa he is attacked by Yokishane. Looking for payback from the attacks in Hitachi, Yokishane aggressively seeks Masakado, even abducting his wife in the process. Having just been found innocent in Kyoto for his attacks in Hitachi, would it not make sense for Masakado to bring accusations against Yokishane? Masakado does not seek government help in deterring Yokishane, this suggests that he knew he was in the wrong and was hesitant to return to Kyoto, mainly because he felt as if he got lucky at his previous hearing. Skipping to Masakado’s confrontation with Sadamori in Hitachi, as Masakado wins the battle, storming the provincial capital grounds in the process, one gets a sense of the sudden panic defining his proceeding actions. Masakado immediately flees home to Shimosa. Once home, in an utterly confusing turn of events, Masakado heads out again, this time to conquer a handful of other eastern provinces. Instead of formerly addressing the rulers in Kyoto as the â€Å"new emperor† of the east or even as an adversary, Masakado writes a letter in an attempt to explain his actions and how they are justified. Using his imperial family ties, he tries to undermine the stories of his actions as propaganda from his opposers and claim that he remains loyal to the government. This is the act of a desperate man; a man who, maybe, has realized that he has made a grave mistake. Masakado wanted to believe that his conquests were justified, yet based on his actions it is apparent that he was not and knew it. Not having a strong cause and knowing he made a mistake defines Masakado as a villain, not a hero. It is likely that Masakado’s position in society and experiences deluded him and was a contributing factor to his demise. In this time period of Japan, in an attempt to preserve the integrity of the imperial family, fourth generation members of the imperial family were removed from the bloodline by way of changing their family name. Taira was used in the renaming and is the surname of Masakado. This link to the imperial family would have affected Masakado’s view of himself in society. Being a known descendent, he would have felt a sense of entitlement that could create an egotistical mindset. The feeling of superiority would have amplified when his father used his influence to secure an internship in Kyoto with the government for his son. Expecting to obtain a full-time position in Kyoto, it would have been very disappointing to return home with no long term position or title. This event probably added to the aggressive nature of Masakado as an adult. Having been denied a chance to participate in the government, as he felt entitled to, Masakado from then on decides to take matters into his own hands working as if he holds the title which he never received. The sense of entitlement and his failure to succeed in Kyoto helped to define the character traits that motivate Masakado for the rest of his life. Taira no Masakado remains an important component of contemporary Japanese folklore. Natural disasters, economic downturns, and other misfortunes are often attributed to times when the shrine to Masakado is neglected. The fascination with this legend plays a taboo role in Japanese culture. The story reveals a man who is individualistic and bold in his opposition to authority. For a society which is group oriented and generally suppressed for most of its history, Masakado’s legacy is intriguing and mysterious. Although interpretation of Masakado differs, his lack of a consistent cause and his hesitation suggests the actions of a villain. Feeling a sense of entitlement from his imperial ties and not being accepted into Kyoto’s bureaucracy were critical in his motivations. Leading the first recorded rebellion since the establishment of a unified government in Japan, Taira no Masakado has solidified himself into Japanese culture today. How to cite The First Samurai, Essay examples

Naturopathy Occasional Chest Tightness

Question: Describe about the Naturopathy for Occasional Chest Tightness. Answer: General Information This is the case study related to a Mr G, who had been facing occasional chest tightness. In the last five months this problems has increased. The reason of the visit of the patient is due to the problem of bilateral chest tightness, which is not painful, yet makes the patient very uncomfortable. Chest tightness is observed in the upper region of the chest, however sensations are not radiated. This problem is also accompanied with dyspnoea, which is also called as shortness of breath. According to the case description and personal statement of the patient tightness of chest and shortness of breath occur in the psychologically stressful situations and do not occur when the patient is physically exhausted. Mr G also has the history of seasonal rhinitis in every spring, which is self managed by Loratadine Assessment Primary Diagnosis Chest tightness is considered as one of the symptom of anxiety. Due to anxiety many other physical symptoms can arise. Chest tightness could also occur due to asthma, high blood pressure and chronic pulmonary diseases. In the case of Mt. G chest tightness has occurred without any kind of pain. According to the provided case description that patient suffer with chest tightness when he suffer from any kind of stressful situation or psychological distress, which explains that patient suffers from anxiety chest tightness (Kumar, 2015). This kind of problem occurs when people experience anxiety. Problem of anxiety can also have historical connection. Family history of anxiety can increase the problem in patient. Probable underlying cause(s) There could be many pre-disposing factors underlying the condition of the patient. Anxiety could occur due to various causes. These causes could be multi faceted and complex. Some of the major causes of anxiety are stress, less coping skills, health issues, unbalance nutrition, environmental factors and hormonal factors (Kumar, 2015). Very little could be done about the genetic factors; however naturopathy can be very helpful in reducing anxiety and anxiety related symptoms. Some of the excitatory factors can also be associated with occurrence of anxiety. Traumatic events can leave people with vulnerability to various mental disorders. There are many infections, which can also result in anxiety. Mr. G has the history of being suffered with seasonal rhinitis in every spring. The severity of the allergies can induce anxiety. According to the study of Postolache et al (2008), allergic diseases are very prevalent and reach to peak in the season of spring. One of the reasons behind the anxiety chest tightness could be the result of the severity of his rhinitis. Sustaining factors are not found in the case of Mr. G. Differential diagnosis Differential diagnosis is the process of distinguishing the particular disease. According to this diagnosis in patient, diagnose to be suffering with anxiety chest tightness associated with Dyspnoea. It is significant symptom of anxiety. Psychologically stressful situations worsen the patient situation and induce shortness of breath, but physical exertion does not induce dyspnoea, which means that psychological distress is the problem for patient. Care Plan Treatment Objective There are various kinds of treatment that comes under naturopathy. Some of the types of treatments included in naturopathy are herbal medication, nutrition, acupuncture, Homeopathy and even massages. The main aim of the naturopathy is to avoid medicines and provide an alternative treatment for various diseases. The objective of the treatment would be to provide comfort to patient and ease his discomfort. There could be specific or relevant time frame for the treatment, as it depends on the response of patient towards treatment. Treatment Pharmacological The pharmacological treatment of the Mr.G with naturopathy will be done in two ways. First will be the herbalism and second will the nutritional products. Herbal Formulae: The study of Pratte et al (2014) provides a systematic review of the literature for the herbal medication for anxiety disorder and stress. For Mr G the prescribed herbal medication will include Withania somnifera (WS) (botanical name). This herb is also called as ashwagandha. It is a ayurvedic her and it is highly used in the ayurvedic treatment of anxiety. Alramadhan et al (2012) states that WS is categorized as an anti-inflammatory,antioxidant herbal supplement. The chronic symptoms of stress such as chest tightening and anxiety are efficiently controlled by WS. Dosage of 600mg will be prescribed to the patient for daily medication (Ernst, 2006). Another herbal formulae used for the patient would be Piper methysticum L.f (Kava). Various randomized control trials and meta analysis have been carried out to find the effectiveness of Kava (Patel De Sousa, 2013).The herbal medication is very effective in reducing the symptoms and problems associated with anxiety (Teschke, 2010). The prescribed dose could be 60 to 280 mg daily (Chevallier, 2016). Some of the other herbal medications used for the anxiety are Passiflora incarnata L. (Passion flower), Melissa officinalis L. (Lemon balm), Scutellaria lateriflora L. (Skull cap) and Valeriana spp. (Valerian) (DeGrandpre, 2010). Nutritional Medication: Natural medications include many natural medicines that do not provide any kind of negative impact on the health. Some of the important nutritional supplements that can be used to treat anxiety are: Lysine It is an amino acid, which has been found toinfluence neurotransmitters which are found to be involved in stress and anxiety(Lakhan, Vieira, 2010). This supplement can be given from 500 to 1000 mg per day. The expected outcome is to reduce the stress induced chest tightness in patient. Magnesium It is considered as the positively charged ion and controls many molecular functions of the human body. It is also beneficial in controlling anxiety related symptoms and disorders. This could be included with the multivitamin treatment that includes calcium and zinc as well. The recommended safe dose for magnesium is 400mg to 1000 mg every day (Lakhan, Vieira, 2010). Treatment Non-Pharmacological The non-pharmacological treatment of anxiety or any other disease in naturopathy includes improving the diet and lifestyle. The management of this disease requires the treatment that could focus on the prevention of the disease. The daily diet of the patient must include: For maintaining the level of proteins patient should include fish, soy, nuts, white meats or eggs, or supplement. The diet should also include fresh fruits and vegetables. Caffeine, alcohol and caffeinated drinks should be avoided. Instead of tea and coffee, green tea should be included in diet. Chamomiletea can also be used for the period of eight weeks to decrease the symptoms of anxiety. The lifestyle modifications are also required to reduce anxiety and chest tightness. Regular exercise is very important. Daily diet should include all healthy food items and food products including fat and cholesterol must be avoided. Sleep is also very important part to reduce stress and anxiety. To have balanced brain and mood, patient should take long sleep. Feeling of hopelessness and helplessness should be avoided. For reducing stress and to cope with psychologically stressful situations, patient should learn relaxation techniques. Expected Outcomes: The expected outcomes for the patient are to reduce anxiety level, symptoms of anxiety such as, shortness of breath and chest tightness. Referral Plan: This plan for the patient will include his regular check-up with GP. GP would be able to evaluate the changes in the patients condition, and would be able to make changes in treatment plan if required. Summary The paper is based on the case study of Mr. G, who has been presented with the problem of chest tightness. He had been facing this problem since last five months. According to the description provided by him, his problem of chest tightness increases during stressful situation, which is also associated with dyspnoea. He does not have such problem during physical exertion. The diagnoses explains that patient suffer from anxiety chest tightness. With the help of this case, I have learnt that personal communication with the patient is very important. Obtaining the subjective data is very important to decide the appropriate treatment plan. Understanding the exact problem can help to develop appropriate strategies and to set appropriate goals. References Alramadhan, E., Hanna, M. S., Hanna, M. S., Goldstein, T. G., Avila, S. M., Weeks, B. S. (2012). Dietary and botanical anxiolytics.Medical Science Monitor,18(4), RA40-RA48. Chevallier, A. (2016).Encyclopedia of herbal medicine. Penguin. DeGrandpre, M. S. (2010).Botanical Therapeutics: Text Only Version. Lulu. com. Ernst, E. (2006). Herbal remedies for anxietya systematic review of controlled clinical trials.Phytomedicine,13(3), 205-208. Kumar, T. S. (2015). How Anxiety and Depression can affect the Perceptual Process of Human Life. Exploring Human Values with Nature as a Secure Base and Focussing On Healthy Life with Yoga and Meditation (An Empirical View of Himalayan Region). Lakhan, S. E., Vieira, K. F. (2010). Nutritional and herbal supplements for anxiety and anxiety-related disorders: systematic review.Nutrition Journal,9(1), 1. Postolache, T. T., Langenberg, P., Zimmerman, S. A., Lapidus, M., Komarow, H., McDonald, J. S., ... Postolache, B. (2008). Changes in severity of allergy and anxiety symptoms are positively correlated in patients with recurrent mood disorders who are exposed to seasonal peaks of aeroallergens.International journal of child health and human development: IJCHD,1(3), 313. Pratte, M. A., Nanavati, K. B., Young, V., Morley, C. P. (2014). An alternative treatment for anxiety: a systematic review of human trial results reported for the Ayurvedic herb ashwagandha (Withania somnifera).The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine,20(12), 901-908. Patel S., De Sousa A (2013). HERBAL MEDICINES FOR DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY: A COMPREHENSIVE STATE OF THE ART REVIEW, Global J Res. Med. Plants Indigen. Med., Volume 2(5): 317336 Teschke R (2010). Kava hepatotoxicity - a clinical review. Ann.Hepatol. 9:251 265.